Class 12 Biology Syllabus are released by NCERT (National Council of Educational Research and Training). It mainly consists of total 5 Units and 15 chapters. Out of which, 2 chapters has been removed in the latest syllabus of 2023-2024. Now, Class 12 Biology syllabus consist of total 13 chapters.
As, there are many chapters to study, so students must thoroughly go through the latest syllabus and marking scheme for better preparation. Otherwise, students may be confused, from which chapter they should start first. A PDF of the Class 12 Biology Syllabus is also given below. So, directly download it and utilize for better study strategy. Students must always know, which chapters are more important and which chapter contain maximum marks. So, they will have the better idea to prepare for a better study plan.
So, a direct link to download Class 12 Biology Syllabus PDF Free Download is also provided below for the students.
NCERT Class 12 Biology Syllabus 2023 – 2024
Though class 12 Biology syllabus consists 13 chapters, but all the chapters are not so important. So, don’t forget to check out marking scheme for better study plan. Always, start with the most important chapters first. Below is the syllabus of Class 12 Biology Syllabus 2023 – 2024.
Unit-VI Reproduction
Chapter-1: Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants
Flower structure; development of male and female gametophytes; pollination – types, agencies and examples; out breeding devices; pollen-pistil interaction; double fertilization; post fertilization events – development of endosperm and embryo, development of seed and formation of fruit; special modes- apomixis, parthenocarpy, polyembryony; Significance of seed dispersal and fruit formation.
Chapter-2: Human Reproduction
Male and female reproductive systems; microscopic anatomy of testis and ovary; gametogenesis -spermatogenesis and oogenesis; menstrual cycle; fertilisation, embryo development upto blastocyst formation, implantation; pregnancy and placenta formation (elementary idea); parturition (elementary idea); lactation (elementary idea).
Chapter-3: Reproductive Health
Need for reproductive health and prevention of Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs); birth control – need and methods, contraception and medical termination of pregnancy (MTP); amniocentesis; infertility and assisted reproductive technologies – IVF, ZIFT, GIFT (elementary idea for general awareness).
Unit-VII Genetics and Evolution
Chapter-4: Principles of Inheritance and Variation
Heredity and variation: Mendelian inheritance; deviations from Mendelism – incomplete dominance, co-dominance, multiple alleles and inheritance of blood groups, pleiotropy;
elementary idea of polygenic inheritance; chromosome theory of inheritance; chromosomes and genes; Sex determination – in humans, birds and honey bee; linkage and crossing over; sex linked inheritance – haemophilia, colour blindness; Mendelian disorders in humans – thalassemia; chromosomal disorders in humans; Down’s syndrome, Turner’s and Klinefelter’s syndromes.
Chapter-5: Molecular Basis of Inheritance
Search for genetic material and DNA as genetic material; Structure of DNA and RNA; DNA packaging; DNA replication; Central Dogma; transcription, genetic code, translation; gene expression and regulation – lac operon; Genome, Human and rice genome projects; DNA fingerprinting.
Chapter-6: Evolution
Origin of life; biological evolution and evidences for biological evolution (paleontology, comparative anatomy, embryology and molecular evidences); Darwin’s contribution, modern
synthetic theory of evolution; mechanism of evolution – variation (mutation and recombination) and natural selection with examples, types of natural selection; Gene flow and genetic drift; Hardy – Weinberg’s principle; adaptive radiation; human evolution.
Unit-VIII Biology and Human Welfare
Chapter-7: Human Health and Diseases
Pathogens; parasites causing human diseases (malaria, dengue, chikungunya, filariasis, ascariasis, typhoid, pneumonia, common cold, amoebiasis, ring worm) and their control; Basic concepts of immunology – vaccines; cancer, HIV and AIDS; Adolescence – drug and alcohol abuse.
Chapter-8: Microbes in Human Welfare
Microbes in food processing, industrial production, sewage treatment, energy generation and microbes as bio-control agents and bio-fertilizers. Antibiotics; production and judicioususe.
Unit-IX Biotechnology and its Applications
Chapter-9: Biotechnology – Principles and Processes
Genetic Engineering (Recombinant DNA Technology).
Chapter-10: Biotechnology and its Applications
Application of biotechnology in health and agriculture: Human insulin and vaccine production, stem cell technology, gene therapy; genetically modified organisms – Bt crops; transgenic animals; biosafety issues, biopiracy and patents.
Unit-X Ecology and Environment
Chapter-11: Organisms and Populations
Population interactions – mutualism, competition, predation, parasitism; population attributes – growth, birth rate and death rate, age distribution. (Topics excluded: Organism and its
Environment, Major Aboitic Factors, Responses to Abioitic Factors, Adaptations)
Chapter-12: Ecosystem
Ecosystems: Patterns, components; productivity and decomposition; energy flow; pyramids of number, biomass, energy (Topics excluded: Ecological Succession and Nutrient Cycles).
Chapter-13: Biodiversity and its Conservation
Biodiversity-Concept, patterns, importance; loss of biodiversity; biodiversity conservation; hotspots, endangered organisms, extinction, Red Data Book, Sacred Groves, biosphere reserves, national parks, wildlife, sanctuaries and Ramsar sites.
NCERT Class 12 Biology Syllabus 2023 – 2024 – Download Syllabus PDF
You can download the Class 12 Biology Syllabus 2023-2024 directly from the download link –
NCERT Class 12 Biology Practical Syllabus
Here’s given below NCERT Class 12 Biology practical syllabus. Students should thoroughly learn about practical experiments as it will not only help in practical exam to score better marks but also help to gain practical knowledge which will remain with you throughout the life. A PDF of the practical syllabus is also given below. So, students can study online or directly download for offline use.
List of Experiments
- Study of the reproductive parts of different flowers
- Study of flowers adapted to pollination by different agencies (wind, insect).
- Study of per cent pollen germination on a slide.
- Study pollen tube growth on the stigma.
- Study fruits and seeds of any common fruit (e.g. legume) at different stages of development.
- Study and identify stages of gamete development in t.s. testis and t.s. ovary
- Study mitosis in onion root tips (preparation).
- Study meiosis in onion bud cells and grasshopper testis (permanent slides).
- Study of t.s. of blastula through permanent slide.
- Study Mendelian inheritance using seeds of different colours/size of any plant.
- Prepare pedigree charts for genetic traits such as rolling of tongue, blood groups, widow’s peak, colour-blindness.
- Exercise on controlled pollination – emasculation, tagging and bagging.
- Stain tissue section for nucleic acids (aceto carmine stain).
- To identify common disease-causing organism like Ascaris, Entamoeba, Plasmodium, ring worm. Comment on the symptoms of the diseases that they cause.
- Collect and study soil from different sites and study them for texture and moisture content.
- Study the pH and water holding capacity of soil. Correlate with the kinds of plants found in them.
- Study plants and animals found in dry conditions. Comment upon on their adaptations/ecosystems.
- Study plants and animals of aquatic conditions. Comment upon on their adaptations/ecosystems.
- Collect water from different water bodies around you and study them for pH, clarity and presence of any living organisms.
- Study the amount of suspended particulate matter in air at the two widely different sites.
- Study of plant population density by quadrat method.
- Study of plant population frequency by quadrat method.
- Study analogous and homologous organs in various plants and animals.
Study/observation of the following (Spotting)
- Flowers adapted to pollination by different agencies (wind, insect).
- Pollen germination on stigma through a permanent slide.
- Identification of stages of gamete development i.e.T.S. testis andT.S. ovary through permanent slides (from any mammal).
- Meiosis in onion bud cell or grass hopper testis through permanent slides.
- T.S. of blastula through permanent slides.
- Mendelian inheritance using seeds of different colour/size of any plant.
- Prepared pedigree charts of genetic traits such as rolling of tongue, blood groups, widow’s peak, colour blindness.
- Exercise on controlled pollination – Emasculation, tagging and bagging.
- Identification of common disease-causing organisms like Ascaris, Entamoeba, Plasmodium, ringworm through permanent slides or specimens. Comment on symptoms of diseases that they cause.
- Two plants and two animals found in xerophytic conditions. Comment upon their morphological adaptations.
- Plants and animals found in aquatic conditions. Comment upon their morphological adaptations.